Proofs of Allah’s Existence

The Perfection of the Universe

Every particle of the universe is governed by a divine order. From the movement of the stars to the process of photosynthesis in plants, each phenomenon operates with flawless precision. This precision points not to chance, but to a Divine power (Rāzī, Mefātīhu’l-Ghayb).

Evidence of Creation

The harmony and order we observe around us direct human reason toward the concept of a single Creator. The sun providing precisely the heat and light needed by the earth, the atmosphere acting like a protective shield, and countless other details cannot be explained by blind coincidence.

Qur’anic Evidence of the Universe

اِنَّ فِي خَلْقِ السَّمٰوَاتِ وَالْاَرْضِ وَاخْتِلَافِ الَّيْلِ وَالنَّهَارِ لَاٰيَاتٍ لِاُولِي الْاَلْبَابِ

“Inna fī khalqi’s-samāwāti wa’l-arḍi wa ikhtilāfi’l-layl wa’n-nahār la āyātin li ulī’l-albāb.”

“Indeed, in the creation of the heavens and the earth and the alternation of night and day are signs for those of understanding.” (Āl ‘Imrān, 190)

This verse clearly underlines that every movement in the universe points to a deeper reality.

Intellectual and Rational Proofs

When the human mind studies the realm of existence, it concludes that there must be a power that brought it into being. Because the chain of cause and effect requires a final cause, and this ultimate cause can only be Allah (Ghazzālī, Iḥyā’u ‘Ulūmi’d-Dīn).

Comparison of the Finite and the Infinite

Every being is finite and mortal. The human mind, which yearns for the infinite, seeks a Creator who is limitless and without beginning. It is more rational to accept that the finite was created by a transcendent, infinite power.

Faith Based on Reason

Islam encourages the combination of intellect and heart in understanding the tenets of faith. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) did not disregard reason in his teachings; rather, he personally encouraged reflection and contemplation (Bukhārī, Tawḥīd, 1).

Human Disposition

By nature, human beings are inclined to believe. In times of hardship, they look for an absolute power to rely on. This power manifests in the depths of the human heart as turning to Allah (Abū Dāwūd, Witr, 31).

The Dispositional Proof

From birth, our souls contain an inherent faith that remains firm despite cultural and environmental influences. In every society and era, there has been a tendency to believe in a Divine being. This proves that belief has its roots in the human disposition.

Turning to God in Times of Hardship

When a person is truly helpless, the urge to pray arises from within. This urge is both a spiritual necessity and the clearest sign of confirming Allah’s existence in the heart.

The Prophets’ Message

Prophets were sent throughout history to teach humankind about the existence and oneness of Allah, inviting them to the faith of tawḥīd (monotheism). The universality of this invitation indicates that it comes from a single source (Ibn Kathīr, Tafsīru’l-Qur’ān).

The Continuity of Revelation

Out of His mercy, Allah (may His majesty be exalted) did not leave people on their own but sent prophets and revealed scriptures to guide them. From Adam to Muhammad, this chain of revelation has conveyed one consistent truth.

The Proof of Prophet Muhammad’s Messengership

The final prophet, Muhammad (peace be upon him), demonstrated his prophethood through both moral perfection and the miracle of the Qur’an he brought. Thousands of companions attested to his truthfulness, and his miracles are among the clearest signs of Allah’s existence (Tirmidhī, Manāqib, 1).

The Uniqueness of the Qur’an

The Qur’an, with its literary style and scientific facts, indicates that it is the Word of Allah. No human has ever produced its like. This is a proof of its Divine origin (Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, Tafsīr).

Scientific Indications in the Qur’an

The Qur’an references facts such as mountains stabilizing the earth and the expansion of the universe, which have strengthened the faith of many believers over the centuries. These indications confirm that the Qur’an is not a human composition and affirm Allah’s existence.

The Qur’anic Miracle’s Effect on Hearts

When one listens to or recites the Qur’an, a profound reverence often arises in the heart, reflecting its spiritual influence. Despite the passage of centuries, its spiritual power remains vibrant, guiding countless individuals to its message.

The Guidance of the Hadith

The Prophet (peace be upon him) demonstrated the existence of Allah to humanity through his sayings and actions as well. Hadiths reflect the practical application of the Qur’an and help in understanding religion more clearly (Muslim, Īmān, 5).

Accuracy of Narrations

Authentic collections of hadith were verified by reliable chains of transmission. These narrations convey the Prophet’s belief in Allah, his description of Allah’s infinite power, and the spiritual experiences of the companions.

Worship as Evidence

The Prophet’s examples of worship bind the human heart to Allah. Prayer, fasting, supplication, and other acts of worship are all expressions of turning to an absolute being. These practices reinforce belief in Allah both intellectually and spiritually.

Historical and Sociological Evidence

A review of human history reveals that no civilization has remained without belief. Whether under different names or forms, the concept of a supreme creator has been present in nearly every society. This universal trend reflects the inherent human disposition toward faith and the impact of Divine revelation (Ibn Khaldūn, Muqaddimah).

The Universal Phenomenon of Belief

From ancient Egypt to Asian civilizations, worship of a transcendent entity can be found under various names. This shows the human mind and emotions need a Creator who is above all.

Exemplary Civilizations

Islamic civilization, founded upon belief in Allah, made great scientific and cultural advancements. Centers of learning like al-Andalus and Baghdad excelled in fields such as astronomy, medicine, and mathematics, driven by the desire to explore Allah’s creation.

The Role of Kalām (Islamic Theology)

Scholars of Kalām used rational arguments to establish Allah’s existence. Philosophers like al-Fārābī and Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) addressed existence within a philosophical framework, emphasizing that Allah is the Necessary Being, and supported these theses through reasoned proofs.

The “Burhān” (Demonstration) Argument

This argument distinguishes between “possible beings” and the “necessary being.” Possible beings may or may not exist, and something must make that choice actual. That something must be the Necessary Being. The Necessary Being is Allah (Ibn Sīnā, Metaphysics).

The Pursuit of True Happiness

In Kalām, it is emphasized that true happiness lies in recognizing Allah and submitting to Him. Humans are inclined not toward the transient but toward the eternal. This makes belief in Allah a necessity for both the mind and the heart.

The Importance of Supplication in Light of Verses and Hadiths

Supplication (duʿāʾ) is the most sincere and direct bond between a servant and the Creator. Through prayer, one renews the faith in their heart. Turning to Allah is one of the most effective ways to affirm His existence internally.

Evidence Within Supplications

The supplications found in the Qur’an and hadith repeatedly highlight Allah’s majesty and omnipotence. This devotion is the clear expression of servitude and faith.

Verse (in Arabic): رَبَّنَا تَقَبَّلْ مِنَّا

Transliteration: Rabbana taqabbal minnā

Meaning: “Our Lord, accept (this) from us.” (al-Baqarah, 127)

This supplication shows the servant’s acknowledgment of their own weakness and their submission to Allah’s infinite power.

The Indication of Miracles

By Allah’s permission, prophets performed various miracles. Examples include the staff of Prophet Mūsā, Prophet ʿĪsā bringing the dead to life, and water flowing from the fingers of Prophet Muhammad. These events are the clearest signs of Allah’s will and might (Bukhārī, Manāqib, 25).

The Miracles of Prophet Muhammad

The greatest miracle of our Prophet is the Qur’an itself. Additionally, during a drought on the Arabian Peninsula, water miraculously flowed from his fingers, and at the Battle of Badr, angels came to assist the believers. These miracles are accepted as unmistakable proofs of Allah’s existence.

Historical Records

Accounts of these miracles were not only transmitted orally but also documented in various historical works. Such records show that these miracles were conveyed with undeniable testimony.

Observations Beyond the Senses

Events that transcend the material realm—such as dreams, spiritual experiences, and inner inspirations—help us feel the presence of Allah. Although subjective, these proofs carry strong internal conviction (Imām Rabbānī, Maktūbāt).

Intuition and Inspiration

Sometimes human beings, through spiritual intuition, sense reflections of Divine truths. These experiences remind us that Allah, a reality beyond matter, is always with us.

Experiences of the Spiritually Enlightened

Renowned scholars and saints have described spiritual manifestations affirming Allah’s self-revelations. Sufis speak of hearts illuminated by love of Allah and how one draws closer to Him within one’s inner world, adding to this body of evidence.

The Limitations of Philosophical Proofs

Philosophy uses reason-based methods to investigate Allah’s existence, yet faith is not merely an intellectual endeavor. When the heart, conscience, and spirit join the equation, faith becomes deeper and more unshakable.

The Boundaries of Knowledge

The human mind has limited capacity, while Allah is infinite and transcendent. Thus, purely rational explanations can illuminate only a small part of the Divine truth; the remainder is accessed through the heart and revelation.

The Balance of Faith and Reason

In Islamic belief, reason and revelation do not conflict; rather, they reinforce one another. The Qur’an repeatedly urges mankind to think and reason. However, in areas where the intellect cannot reach, faith, surrender, and sincere devotion come into play (Muslim, Īmān, 3).

Final Word

There are numerous perspectives to prove Allah’s existence: the magnificent order of the universe, the seed of faith inherent in human nature, the prophets’ message, the uniqueness of the Qur’an, and the guidance found in the hadith. All point to one truth: Allah is the One who created the universe and gives life and meaning to everything. Hearts find true peace only by believing in Him. Through reflection and worship as shown by the verses and hadith, one ascends spiritually and attains the Divine reality.

References

• Ghazzālī, Iḥyā’u ‘Ulūmi’d-Dīn
• Rāzī, Mefātīhu’l-Ghayb
• Ibn Kathīr, Tafsīru’l-Qur’ān
• Bukhārī, Tawḥīd
• Abū Dāwūd, Witr
• Tirmidhī, Manāqib
• Muslim, Īmān
• Ibn Sīnā, Metaphysics
• Ibn Khaldūn, Muqaddimah
• Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, Tafsīr
• Imām Rabbānī, Maktūbāt

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